Eureka! Institutional Repository

ABSTRACT Bladder cancer develops when the cells that make up the bladder begin to proliferate uncontrollably. As additional cancer cells multiply, they can form a tumor and spread to other regions of the body. Bladder cancers are frequently classified according to how far they have progressed into the bladder wall. Noninvasive tumors are only located in the inner layer of cells (the transitional epithelium) and have not spread to deeper levels. Invasive tumors have spread to the bladder wall's deeper layers. These tumors spread more quickly and are more difficult to cure. A superficial or non-muscle invasive bladder cancer can also be characterized. These terms encompass both noninvasive tumors and invasive tumors that have not formed in the bladder's primary muscle layer. The majority of the time, bladder cancer therapy is determined by the clinical stage of the tumor at the time of diagnosis. This includes how far it is believed to have penetrated the bladder wall and whether it has migrated outside the bladder. Other factors that influence treatment options include the size of the tumor, the rate at which the cancer cells develop (grade), and a person's overall health and preferences. Surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and radiation therapy are all common therapeutic methods. This thesis will provide a brief summary of the urinary system and how it is impacted by cancer, as well as methods of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.