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The present thesis presents the traditional and modern way of cultivating walnut in our country and specifically in the geographical area of Pieria. There is a historical review and analysis of walnut cultivation methods both globally and in Greek agricultural data. The anatomical part of the tree, its bioecology, the way it is grown and produced, the cultivation techniques applied to the walnut tree, the planting systems and types of pruning per season, the nutrient and water requirements, the crop development are presented in detail , the methods of harvesting the fruits and processing them until they reach the consumer. The old and new varieties created, the subjects widely used, and the advantages and disadvantages of each variety in terms of their resistance to cold, drought, disease and pest infestations are mentioned. In addition, we analyze the insect pests and diseases affecting the walnut, their bioecology, their growth conditions, their identification characteristics as well as their treatment with cultivation measures or chemical control, where appropriate. Finally, the purpose of this work is to compare the organic with the conventional method of walnut plant protection in the prefecture of Pieria, exposing aggregate data reflecting the two aspects of cultivation.