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This thesis deals with the Organic and Conventional olive cultivation in Fthiotida Prefecture. In the first chapter, reference is made to the definitions of Organic and Conventional cultivation, their advantages and disadvantages against each other, as well as their objectives and the Legislation governing them. The second chapter describes in detail the history of the olive tree from ancient times, as well as its botanical characteristics. Also mentioned are some Greek olive varieties from Fthiotida Prefecture. Then, in the third and fourth chapters, we describe the soil climatic requirements and olive cultivation practices (Planting, Pruning, Propagation, Fertilization, Harvesting, etc.). Below, in the fifth and sixth chapters, we describe various enemies, diseases and weeds, as well as ways to combat them. Finally, the mills are described and the way in which the olive oil is extracted, the quality criteria of the olive oils are still detailed.