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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the major cause of acquired neurological damage in adults and the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is an inflammatory disease characterized by demyelination sites, a "rupture" of the blood-brain barrier and a diffuse white matter disorder. CP is relatively rare in childhood. However, 3-10% shows the first episode of MS under the age of 16 years. Diagnosis in children requires clinical and laboratory evidence that detects CNS demyelinating episodes and leads to the exclusion of other pathological conditions. The therapeutic options are varied and focus more on the use of steroids and gamma globin, with recent data suggesting the use of interferon. In this review, we present the latest bibliographic data on the epidemiological characteristics, etiology and clinical picture of the disease, the available diagnostic methods and the main therapeutic options.